Sweat the aromatics: Heat the olive oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add onion, celery, and bell pepper.
Cook 5–6 minutes, stirring, until softened and fragrant.
Add the heat and garlic: Stir in garlic and jalapeño. Cook 1 minute until the garlic smells toasty, not burnt.
Bloom the spices: Add smoked paprika, cumin, red pepper flakes, black pepper, and optional chili powder. Stir 30 seconds to coat the vegetables and release the spices’ aroma.
Build the broth: Add tomato paste and cook 1 minute.
Pour in the diced tomatoes and broth. Stir in soy sauce. Bring to a steady simmer.
Simmer the cabbage: Add cabbage and carrots.
Reduce heat to medium-low and simmer 20–25 minutes, until the cabbage is tender but not mushy.
Finish and taste: Stir in apple cider vinegar or lemon juice. Taste and adjust salt, pepper, and heat. Add more red pepper flakes if you want it spicier.
Garnish and serve: Ladle into bowls and top with chopped parsley or cilantro.
Serve hot.